import requests

def get_ai_snippets_for_query(query):
    headers = {"X-API-Key": YOUR_API_KEY}
    params = {"query": query}
    return requests.get(
        f"https://api.ydc-index.io/search?query={query}",
        params=params,
        headers=headers,
    ).json()
results = get_ai_snippets_for_query("reasons to smile")

{'hits': [{'description': '<strong>Smiling</strong> has benefits, even when you’re faking it. Learn more about why and how <strong>smiling</strong> can change your mood, stress levels, and social interactions for the better.',
   'snippets': ["the most compelling reason to smile is that it may lengthen your overall lifespan. One study found that genuine, intense smiling is associated with longer life. Happy people seem to enjoy better health and longevity, but more research is needed to understand why. Research indicates that happiness could increase lifespan by years—suggesting maintaining a happy, positive mood may be an important part of a healthy lifestyle. 2 Smiling Relieves Stress Stress can permeate our entire being, including showing up in your face and expression. Smiling not only helps to prevent us from looking tired, worn down, and overwhelmed, but it can actually help decrease stress. Believe it or not, smiling can reduce stress even if you don't feel like smiling or even if you fake it with a smile that isn't genuine. When you are stressed, try intentionally putting a smile on your face. It may help improve your mood and ability to manage the stress you are experiencing. 3 Smiling Elevates Mood Smiling can also",
    "but it can also change the moods of others for the better. Research suggests that smiles are actually contagious. Your brain automatically notices and interprets other people's facial expressions—and sometimes, you may even mimic them. That means you might spot someone else's smile and unconsciously smile yourself. 5 Smiling Boosts the Immune System Smiling can also boost your overall health by helping your immune system to function more effectively. It is thought that when you smile, immune function improves because you are more relaxed (thanks to the release of certain neurotransmitters). Whether you're trying to maintain your overall health or strengthen your immune system ahead of cold and flu season, smiling may help. Warding off illness and staying healthier can also play a role in helping you feel less stressed. Benefits of Positive Thinking for Body and Mind 6 Smiling May Lower Blood Pressure Smiling could have a beneficial impact on your blood pressure. Laughter specifically",
    '3 Smiling Elevates Mood Smiling can also help make you feel happy. Next time you are feeling down, try putting on a smile. There\'s a good chance your mood will change for the better. The physical act of smiling activates pathways in your brain that influence your emotional state—meaning that by adopting a happy facial expression, you can "trick" your mind into entering a state of happiness. This affect works whether or not your smile is genuine. A simple smile can trigger the release of neuropeptides that improve your neural communication. It also causes the release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin, which can boost your mood. Think of smiling as a natural antidepressant. How to Instantly Lift Your Mood 4 Smiling Is Contagious How many times have you heard that a smile has the power to light up the room? While it is certainly a beautiful sentiment, it carries a hint of truth. Smiling not only can elevate your mood, but it can also change the moods of others for the',
    "frowns, scowls, and grimaces work in the opposite manner, effectively pushing people away, smiling is seen as more attractive—and people may even assume you have more positive personality traits if you're smiling. Not only can smiling make you more attractive, but it can also make you look more youthful. The muscles we use to smile also lift the face, making a person appear younger. So instead of opting for a facelift, just try smiling your way through the day—you'll look younger and feel better. 9 Smiling Suggests Success Research has shown that people who smile regularly appear more confident, are more likely to be promoted, and are more likely to be approached. Try putting on a smile at meetings and business appointments. You might find that people react to you differently. 10 Smiling Helps You Stay Positive Try this test: Smile. Now try to think of something negative without losing the smile. It's hard, isn't it? Smiling can influence your feelings of positivity, even if it feels",
    'that bring you joy or inspire laughter. While this is certainly true, it overlooks an important point: Smiling can be a conscious, intentional choice. What does psychology have to say about smiling? Whether your smile is genuine or not, it can act on your body and mind in a variety of positive ways, offering benefits for your health, your mood, and even the moods of people around you. What Can Smiling Mean? Research suggests that there are three primary types of smiles:Reward: Smiles that convey approval, happiness, contentment, and other positive feelings.Affiliation: Smiles that communicate positive intention, trustworthiness, belongingness, compassion, and social connection.Dominance: Smiles intended to convey contempt, disgust, or superiority. Such smiles have been shown to increase cortisol (stress hormone) levels in people they are directed toward. 1 Smiling Helps You Live Longer Paul Bradbury / Caiaimage / Getty Images Perhaps the most compelling reason to smile is that it may',
    'on your blood pressure. Laughter specifically seems to lower blood pressure, after causing an initial increase in heart rate and breathing. While smiling has been shown to lower your heart rate in the face of stress, more research is needed to determine how it reduces blood pressure. If you have a blood pressure monitor at home, you can try testing this idea for yourself. Sit for a few minutes and take a reading. Then smile for a minute and take another reading while still smiling. Do you notice a difference? 7 Smiling Reduces Pain Studies have shown that smiling releases endorphins, other natural painkillers, and serotonin. Together, these brain chemicals make us feel good from head to toe. Not only do they elevate your mood, but they also relax your body and reduce physical pain. Smiling is a natural drug. 8 Smiling Makes You Attractive We are naturally drawn to people who smile. While more severe or negative facial expressions like frowns, scowls, and grimaces work in the opposite',
    'your feelings of positivity, even if it feels unnatural or forced. Regardless of whether or not your smile is genuine, it still sends the message that "Life is good!" to your brain and, ultimately, the rest of your body. Smile More for Health, Happiness, and Longevity 11 Sources Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. Coles NA, Larsen JT, Lench HC. A meta-analysis of the facial feedback literature: Effects of facial feedback on emotional experience are small and variable. Psychol Bull. 2019;145(6):610-651. doi:10.1037/bul0000194 Martin J, Rychlowska M, Wood A, Niedenthal P. Smiles as multipurpose social signals. Trends Cogn Sci. 2017;21(11):864-877. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2017.08.007 Abel EL, Kruger ML. Smile intensity in photographs predicts longevity. Psychol Sci. 2010;21(4):542-544.',
    'Self-Improvement 10 Big Benefits of Smiling Choose to smile every day to boost mood and health By Mark Stibich, PhD Mark Stibich, PhD Mark Stibich, PhD, FIDSA, is a behavior change expert with experience helping individuals make lasting lifestyle improvements. Learn about our editorial process Updated on February 17, 2023 Medically reviewed Verywell Mind articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and mental healthcare professionals. Medical Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. Learn more. by Sabrina Romanoff, PsyD Medically reviewed by Sabrina Romanoff, PsyD Dr. Sabrina Romanoff, PsyD, is a licensed clinical psychologist and a professor at Yeshiva University’s clinical psychology doctoral program. Learn about our Medical Review Board Print Many see smiling simply as an involuntary response to things that bring you joy or inspire laughter. While',
    'longevity. Psychol Sci. 2010;21(4):542-544. doi:10.1177/0956797610363775 Diener E, Chan MY. Happy people live longer: Subjective well-being contributes to health and longevity. Appl Psychol Health Well Being. 2011;3(1):1-43. doi:10.1111/j.1758-0854.2010.01045.x Kraft TL, Pressman SD. Grin and bear it: The influence of manipulated facial expression on the stress response. Psychol Sci. 2012;23(11):1372-1378. doi:10.1177/0956797612445312 Marmolejo-Ramos F, Murata A, Sasaki K, et al. Your face and moves seem happier when I smile: Facial action influences the perception of emotional faces and biological motion stimuli. Exp Psychol. 2020;67(1):14-22. doi:10.1027/1618-3169/a000470 Wood A, Rychlowska M, Korb S, Niedenthal P. Fashioning the face: Sensorimotor simulation contributes to facial expression recognition. Trends Cogn Sci. 2016;20(3):227-240. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.12.010 D’Acquisto F, Rattazzi L, Piras G. Smile—It’s in your blood! Biochem Pharmacol. 2014;91(3):287-292.',
    'your blood! Biochem Pharmacol. 2014;91(3):287-292. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.016 Strean WB. Laughter prescription. Can Fam Physician. 2009;55(10):965-967. Pressman SD, Acevedo AM, Hammond KV, Kraft-Feil TL. Smile (Or grimace) through the pain? The effects of experimentally manipulated facial expressions on needle-injection responses. Emotion. Published online November 23, 2020. doi:10.1037/emo0000913 Little AC, Jones BC, DeBruine LM. Facial attractiveness: Evolutionary based research. Philos Trans R Soc B. 2011;366(1571):1638-1659. doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0404 See Our Editorial Process Meet Our Review Board Share Feedback Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback! What is your feedback? Helpful Report an Error Other Submit Speak to a Therapist Online Advertiser Disclosure × The offers that appear in this table are from partnerships from which Verywell Mind receives compensation.'],
   'title': 'Top 10 Reasons to Smile Every Day',
   'url': 'https://www.verywellmind.com/top-reasons-to-smile-every-day-2223755'},
  {'description': 'I suffer from “bitchy resting face”. I’ve been told, multiple times, that I’m so much nicer than people initially realised. Which is a weird compliment to get. Apparently I don’t always make the best…',
   'snippets': ['To refresh my energy for smiling at strangers, I decided to write about reasons to smile more. I aimed for 100 reasons to push myself and generate creative answers. It proved easier than I expected and I ended up with 107. I’m sure there’s many more that could be added!\nResearch shows, that even a forced smile brings amazing physical and mental benefits. But as we grow older we smile less. Children smile on average 400 times per day. Adults average just 20 smiles. Smiling makes us feel happier, but we have to practice smiling in order to get the full effects.\nSo go on, try consciously smiling while you read through this list and let me know how you feel at the end!\n107 reasons to smile more often\n- Smiling will make you feel happier.\n- Smiling decreases stress.\n- Smiling decreases anxiety.\n- Smiling decreases tension.\n- Smiling can boost your immune system.\n- Smiling triggers a “feel-good party” in your brain.\n7. Smiling releases feel-good endorphins.',
    '107 reasons to smile more often\nThis post was written to make you happier.\nI suffer from “bitchy resting face”. I’ve been told, multiple times, that I’m so much nicer than people initially realised. Which is a weird compliment to get. Apparently I don’t always make the best first impression! So I make a conscious effort to smile often.\nOne thing I miss about Wellington are smiles. Walking down Courtney Place or Cuba Street, it’s normal to smile at the people you pass. Each time getting a little boost from that stranger.\nHowever, in Europe and the UK, often my smiles are often meet with confusion. Or they’re not meet at all. It seems people are actively avoiding eye-contact, whether it’s through their smart phone or just by tuning out people around them.',
    'Even just reading the word “smile” or associated words can be enough to make you smile. You’ve just read it 133 times. You’ve also seen 25 gif smiles.\nDo you feel happier?\nThis story of a personal smiling experiment is my favourite reason to smile. I agree with it’s conclusion, smiling offers benefits that far outweigh the small effort required. So go on, smile more.\nEnjoyed this article? Please click 💚 to share it around.',
    '98. Smiling makes people want to help you more (like when you’re asking for directions)\n99. Smiling signals you’re interested and engaged in a conversation\n100. Smiling shows appreciation\n101. Smiling often makes you more photogenic.\n102. Smiling can help you land that new job\n103. Smiling makes an apology more sincere\n104. And has been linked to lower sentences in court records\n105. It unlocks our inner child. Children smile around 40 times more than adults each day.\n106. Because Mother Teresa said you should. Quite a few times actually. She was quoted as saying:\n“Peace begins with a smile..”\n“I will never understand all the good that a simple smile can accomplish.”\n“Let us always meet each other with smile, for the smile is the beginning of love.”\n“Every time you smile at someone, it is a gift to that person, a beautiful thing”.\nShe was all about the smile.\n107. Smiling more can become a habit. Making an effort to smile often can result in naturally smiling more.',
    '7. Smiling releases feel-good endorphins.\n8. Smiling lowers your heart rate, even in stressful situations.\n9. Smiling improves your mood.\n10. Smiling increases your energy.\n11. Smiling is better than chocolate for making you feel happy. And there’s no calories.\n12. Smiling can make you feel as good as getting £16,000!\n13. Smiling is contagious. You will spread happiness to others.\n14. They’ll smile back — making you feel even happier. (It takes conscious effort not to smile back at someone smiling).\n15. Even in bad situations, if you smile, others are likely to mimic the expression.\n16. Smiling makes you look reliable.\n17. Smiling makes you look trustworthy.\n18. Smiling makes you look relaxed.\n19. Smiling makes you look sincere.\n20. Smiling makes you look nicer.\n21. Smiling makes you look more competent.\n22. Smiling makes you look friendlier\n23. Smiling helps you earn more money\n24. Smiling makes you look in control, even when you don’t feel it\n25. You’re better looking when you smile.',
    '79. Smiling is your own choice\n80. And no one can stop you\n81. Smiles are multi-lingual\n82. Smiles are multi-cultural\n83. Smiles are the “universal language of kindness” to quote William Arthur Ward.\n84. Smiling makes you live longer — around 7 years longer according to one study.\n85. You might be someone’s Mona Lisa\n86. Smiling might make the difference to someone.\n87. Smiling might give someone hope.\n88. Smiling might brighten someone’s day\n89. Smiling might break someone out of their bad mood\n90. Smiling gives people a reason to compliment you (“Nice smile”)\n91. Smiling will get you more tips. One survey found tips increased 140% for server’s who smiled.\n92. Smiling gives people a reason to say “Hi”\n93. Smiling can “heal a frozen heart” — according to 2pac.\n94. Dogs will like you more\n95. Dog training is easier when you look happy\n96. Plus your cat will be happier too.\n97. Smiling more leads to more successful relationships',
    '25. You’re better looking when you smile.\n26. Smiling helps graceful ageing. Laugh lines not frown lines!\n27. Smiling makes you look fun\n28. Smiling makes you look approachable (while I was writing this, and smiling lots, a stranger came and shared my outdoor table with me).\n29. Smiling makes you look confident\n30. Smiling makes you feel confident, even if you’re faking the smile.\n31. Smiling makes others feel confident (try smiling at a speaker who appears nervous)\n32. Smiling confuses people\n33. Smiling surprises people (especially on the London underground).\n34. Smiling takes less effort than frowning (It takes twelve muscles to smile and 113 muscles to frown.).\n35. Smiling improves circulation to your face.\n36. Smiling could make someone fall in love with you.\n37. Smiling attracts people to you.\n38. Smiling makes you more attractive. If you’re female.\n39. Smiling is more attractive than make-up.\n40. Smiling can make you look crazy, the good type of crazy.',
    '41. Smiling makes stressful situations more bearable.\n42. Smiling makes boring situations more fun.\n43. It will make running easier.\n44. And smoother.\n45. Smiling makes you feel more comfortable when you’re in difficult situations.\n46. Smiling makes you a better leader.\n47. Smiling helps you have more friends.\n48. Smiling helps you be more creative.\n49. Smiling helps connect with more people.\n50. Smiling can make others, even strangers, feel less alone.\n51. Smiling helps attention.\n52. Smiling makes you a better sales person.\n53. Smiling helps you see the bigger picture.\n54. You’ll break out of auto pilot. Smiling connects you to the people around you even when they’re strangers.\n55. Smiling is a gateway drug to laughing, which has a whole lot more benefits.\n56. Smiling makes you more productive\n57. Smiling reduces pain, endorphins created act as natural painkillers',
    '58. You’ll look younger — Smiles naturally lift the face and in studies have shown to make people look younger, around 3 years younger on average.\n59. Smiling makes people glad to see you\n60. Smiling makes people feel positively towards you\n61. Smiling makes you memorable\n62. Smiling makes your name more memorable\n63. Smiling makes you seem familiar\n64. Smiling makes you more interesting (what is she smiling about?)\n65. Smiling makes you more mysterious (what is he smiling about?)\n66. Smiling dissolves “bitchy resting face”\n67. Smiling is good for your reputation (Oh is she the girl who smiles a lot?)\n68. Smiling makes you less intimidating\n69. Smiling helps you appreciate the small things\n70. Smiling makes a better first impression\n71. Smiling can make you a better public speaker\n72. Smiling makes you sound friendlier on the phone\n73. Smiles are free\n74. They’re quick\n75. They’re painless\n76. They’re easy\n77. They’re natural\n78. They’re rewarding\n79. Smiling is your own choice'],
   'title': '107 reasons to smile more often. This post was written to make you…',
   'url': 'https://medium.com/@envycollect/107-reasons-to-smile-more-often-ae1056003878'}
    ]
   . . . . ,
 'latency': 0.42683982849121094}

import requests

def perform_rag(query):
    headers = {"X-API-Key": YOUR_API_KEY}
    params = {"query": query}
    return requests.get(
        f"https://api.ydc-index.io/rag?query={query}",
        params=params,
        headers=headers,
    ).json()
results = perform_rag("who invented the kaleidoscope?")

{
  'answer': 'The kaleidoscope was invented by Sir David Brewster, a Scottish physicist, in 1816.',
  'hits': [
    {'ai_snippets': 'Few objects have played a greater role in underscoring the combined power of light, color, and motion than the kaleidoscope. It was invented in 1816, quite by accident, during experiments with the polarization and refraction of light by the Scottish physicist Sir David Brewster (1781–1868). In an early phase of his research, he placed several long mirrors in a narrow brass cylinder to reflect an image as it traveled from its source to the viewer’s eye. When Brewster peered into the tube, he found that it transformed reality in unimaginable ways. He called his invention the “kaleidoscope,” from the Greek words for “beautiful image viewer.” Before Brewster could patent his design, competitors had purloined the concept and were selling inexpensive versions of cardboard and mirror plate to passersby on the street. The invention was an instant success, for it provided the perfect tool for understanding the powers of fancy and for demonstrating how light, color, and motion caught the eye', 'url': 'https://huntington.org/frontiers/2020-spring-summer/kaleidoscope'},
    {'ai_snippets': 'Several of the diagrams that Brewster included had such a strong geometric character that they spurred public interest in an entirely new range of orderly design. The kaleidoscope had its greatest impact on American quilts. Whereas quilt makers on both sides of the Atlantic had traditionally focused on classical subjects or elegant foliage derived from nature, once the device was invented, they created a variety of innovative geometric designs that either emulated a kaleidoscopic view or looked to Brewster’s published diagrams for inspiration. Kaleidoscopes with two mirrors created a pattern that exploded outward from the center toward the edges in a large starburst. This was particularly obvious in the visual lines that radiated outward from the center of the quilt. In quilts of this type, the seams of adjoining wedges replicate where the image abuts a mirror—to create the star. Kaleidoscopes with a three-mirror system, joined together in a 30-60-90-degree triangle, likewise', 'url': 'https://huntington.org/frontiers/2020-spring-summer/kaleidoscope'},
    {'ai_snippets': 'In 2020, The Huntington published the Becoming America catalog, which includes an essay by antiquarian and consultant Sumpter Priddy titled “The Kaleidoscope and the Fancy Style of the Early Republic.” In the essay, Priddy delves into the intellectual origins of the exuberant Fancy style of painted furniture and quilts in the Fielding Collection and the style’s connections to natural philosophy. The following passage is an excerpt from the essay.', 'url': 'https://huntington.org/frontiers/2020-spring-summer/kaleidoscope'},
    {'ai_snippets': 'Drunkard’s Path Quilt, ca. 1880–90, cotton, pieced, 87 × 87 1/2 in. Jonathan and Karin Fielding Collection of Folk Art. The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens.\nBritish academics were intrigued by the charming images, but the colorful scenes provoked a much stronger response in America. There, the kaleidoscope seemed an ideal tool to whet one’s appetite for learning. This ingenious device would help Americans understand the power of the imagination in ways that were far removed from the literary sources that had long dominated British understanding of the subject.', 'url': 'https://huntington.org/frontiers/2020-spring-summer/kaleidoscope'},
    {'ai_snippets': 'Although kaleidoscopes of two, three, and four mirrors produced their respective designs according to the dictates of geometry, their patterns were open to nearly endless interpretations by the viewer. Equally important, the range of ornament produced by the kaleidoscope embodied a new type of creativity that Joseph Addison had envisioned more than a century before when he observed the human capacity to “fancy to itself Things more Great, Strange, or Beautiful, than the Eye ever saw.” The kaleidoscope’s broad appeal in America helped its middle classes embrace abstract ornament.\nBecoming America: Highlights from the Jonathan and Karin Fielding Collection of Folk Art is available online from the Huntington Store.\nSumpter Priddy is an antiquarian and consultant in Alexandria, Virginia.', 'url': 'https://huntington.org/frontiers/2020-spring-summer/kaleidoscope'},
    {'ai_snippets': "How a Scottish scientist's invention influenced 19th-century American decorative art\n“On combinations of four mirrors forming a square” in David Brewster, The Kaleidoscope: Its History, Theory, and Construction (London, 1858), figure 45. Courtesy of The Winterthur Library: Printed Book and Periodical Collection.\nIn 2016, The Huntington opened an addition to the Virginia Steele Scott Galleries of American Art, the Jonathan and Karin Fielding Wing, which features an ongoing exhibition of more than 200 works from the Fieldings’ esteemed collection of 18th- and early 19th-century American paintings, furniture, and related decorative art—some of which are promised gifts to The Huntington.", 'url': 'https://huntington.org/frontiers/2020-spring-summer/kaleidoscope'},
    {'ai_snippets': 'In addition to producing kaleidoscopes with two mirrors that created stunning explosions with colored glass, makers created examples with three and four mirrors, each of which produced a distinct design. Kaleidoscopes with a three-mirror system, joined together in a 60-60-60-degree triangle, repeated the image at the end of the tunnel time and again in a diagonal grid—thereby assuring that multiple replications of the image were firmly imprinted in the storehouse of memory. Indeed, kaleidoscopes with four mirrors facing inward in a square replicated the image in the center as an eight-pointed star. This produced even further options, not only for quilt makers but also for decorative painters. For example, a box from the Fielding Collection with a pink, green, red, and black palette evokes kaleidoscopic patterns.\nBook cover of Becoming America: Highlights from the Jonathan and Karin Fielding Collection of Folk Art, 2020. The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens.', 'url': 'https://huntington.org/frontiers/2020-spring-summer/kaleidoscope'},
    {'ai_snippets': 'how light, color, and motion caught the eye and imprinted stunning images in the mind, where they could fuel the creative process.', 'url': 'https://huntington.org/frontiers/2020-spring-summer/kaleidoscope'},
    {'ai_snippets': 'In 1819 Brewster published A Treatise on the Kaleidoscope, in which he presented diagrams of distinct kaleidoscopes—those having two, three, or four mirrors grouped together in the tube—to show how a varied arrangement of mirrors would alter the image. He discussed the device’s ability to produce patterns for household decoration in record time: “It will create, in a single hour, what a thousand artists could not invent in the course of a year.” It could be used for a variety of objects, from stained-glass windows for cathedrals to household carpets and floorcloths. It was no longer necessary to devote significant time to drawing an entire design on paper. Rather, one could sketch a segment of the pattern and rely on the kaleidoscope to quickly expand the design into a variety of options.\nLone Star Quilt—Red, White, and Blue, ca. 1850, glazed cotton, pieced, 96 1/2 × 94 in. Jonathan and Karin Fielding Collection of Folk Art. The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens.', 'url': 'https://huntington.org/frontiers/2020-spring-summer/kaleidoscope'},
    {'ai_snippets': 'Box with Painted Geometric Design, ca. 1840, pine and paint, 6 1/2 × 14 1/8 × 9 in. Jonathan and Karin Fielding Collection of Folk Art. The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens.\nInfluenced by the kaleidoscope, women moved away from relying on large pieces of fabric and toward the use of tiny, multicolored pieces, carefully stitched together, to emulate the bits of glass in a kaleidoscope—and they expanded the quilts to completely cover a bedstead. It was only a matter of time before house painters transferred the patterns to canvas fabric to produce eye-catching floorcloths and table covers, expanding Fancy’s influence on American homes from wall to wall.', 'url': 'https://huntington.org/frontiers/2020-spring-summer/kaleidoscope'},
    {'ai_snippets': 'together in a 30-60-90-degree triangle, likewise replicated the design, yet with subtle variety. Brewster depicted the pattern within an octagonal format—a diagram to which quilt makers often looked for octagonal piecework.', 'url': 'https://huntington.org/frontiers/2020-spring-summer/kaleidoscope'},
    {'ai_snippets': 'In this way, the kaleidoscope shaped Americans’ expectations for non-representational design and transformed middle-class homesteads. Although British kaleidoscopes were expensive devices made with hollow brass cylinders and highly polished mirrors, Americans were so infatuated by the device that they produced inexpensive examples of pasteboard or tinned sheet iron, and they relied on simple mirror plate rather than polished lenses. Foreign visitors to America were astounded to find that middle-class Americans were inspired by this “philosophical instrument.”', 'url': 'https://huntington.org/frontiers/2020-spring-summer/kaleidoscope'},
    {'ai_snippets': 'Kaleidoscopes were invented in 1816 by David Brewster a Scottish inventor. Sir David Brewster was studying many aspects of physical Sciences including polarization optics and the properties of light. While looking at some objects at the end of 2 mirrors He noticed patterns and colors were recreated and reformed into Beautiful new arrangements. He named this new invention after the greek words meaning beautiful form watcher. kalos, the greek word for beautiful, eodos, the greek word = shape scopeo, the greek word = to look at.\nIn 1817 He patented his idea but is seems a incorrectly worded patent made it easy for others to copy without much in way of legal recourse. David Brewster actually did not see much in way of financial success from this invention as other inventors were aggressive in mass producing this new art form. Sir David Brewster was instrumental in many light and optical advances including a lens design for lighthouses and in 1849 He made advances in Stereoscope designs.', 'url': 'https://www.kaleidoscopestoyou.com/hiofka1.html'},
    {'ai_snippets': "Kaleidoscopes became very popular during the Victorian age as a parlor diversion. Charles Bush was a very popular United States kaleidoscope maker during the 1870s for his parlor kaleidoscope. He patent his idea in 1873 and to this day collectors search for this particular kaleidoscope. These were made with a round base and a rarer 4 footed version.\nMany of the baby boomers remember receiving a toy kaleidoscope as a kid. It was not until the late 1970s that a renaissance in Kaleidoscope artistry began. In 1980 a first exhibition of kaleidoscopes helped fuel the interest in kaleidoscopes as an art form. Today there are 100's of great kaleidoscope artists and kaleidoscope makers.", 'url': 'https://www.kaleidoscopestoyou.com/hiofka1.html'},
    {'ai_snippets': 'Sir David Brewster KH PRSE FRS FSA Scot FSSA MICE (11 December 1781 – 10 February 1868) was a British scientist, inventor, author, and academic administrator. In science he is principally remembered for his experimental work in physical optics, mostly concerned with the study of the polarization of light and including the discovery of Brewster\'s angle. He studied the birefringence of crystals under compression and discovered photoelasticity,[2] thereby creating the field of optical mineralogy.[3] For this work, William Whewell dubbed him the "father of modern experimental optics" and "the Johannes Kepler of optics."[4]\nA pioneer in photography, Brewster invented an improved stereoscope,[5] which he called "lenticular stereoscope" and which became the first portable 3D-viewing device.[6] He also invented the stereoscopic camera,[7][8] two types of polarimeters,[9] the polyzonal lens, the lighthouse illuminator,[10] and the kaleidoscope.', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': 'An instrument of more significance, the stereoscope, which – though of much later date (1849) – along with the kaleidoscope did more than anything else to popularise his name, was not as has often been asserted the invention of Brewster. Sir Charles Wheatstone discovered its principle and applied it as early as 1838 to the construction of a cumbersome but effective instrument, in which the binocular pictures were made to combine by means of mirrors.[17] A dogged rival of Wheatstone\'s, Brewster was unwilling to credit him with the invention, however, and proposed that the true author of the stereoscope was a Mr. Elliot, a "Teacher of Mathematics" from Edinburgh, who, according to Brewster, had conceived of the principles as early as 1823 and had constructed a lensless and mirrorless prototype in 1839, through which one could view drawn landscape transparencies, since photography had yet to be invented.[25] Brewster\'s personal contribution was the suggestion to use prisms for uniting the', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': 'Sir David Brewster KH PRSE FRS FSA Scot FSSA MICE (11 December 178110 February 1868) was a British scientist, inventor, author, and academic administrator. In science he is principally remembered for his experimental work in physical optics, mostly concerned with the study of the polarization of light and including the discovery of Brewster\'s angle. He studied the birefringence of crystals under compression and discovered photoelasticity, thereby creating the field of optical mineralogy. For this work, William Whewell dubbed him the "father of modern experimental optics" and "the Johannes Kepler of optics." A pioneer in photography, Brewster invented an improved stereoscope, which he called "lenticular stereoscope" and which became the first portable 3D-viewing device. He also invented the stereoscopic camera, two types of polarimeters, the polyzonal lens, the lighthouse illuminator, and the kaleidoscope. Brewster was a devout Presbyterian and marched arm-in-arm with his brother during', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': "could view drawn landscape transparencies, since photography had yet to be invented. Brewster's personal contribution was the suggestion to use prisms for uniting the dissimilar pictures; and accordingly the lenticular stereoscope may fairly be said to be his invention. A much more valuable and practical result of Brewster's optical researches was the improvement of the British lighthouse system. Although Fresnel, who had also the satisfaction of being the first to put it into operation, perfected the dioptric apparatus independently, Brewster was active earlier in the field than Fresnel, describing the dioptric apparatus in 1812. Brewster pressed its adoption on those in authority at least as early as 1820, two years before Fresnel suggested it, and it was finally introduced into lighthouses mainly through Brewster's persistent efforts.", 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': 'He was a close friend of William Henry Fox Talbot, inventor of the calotype process, who sent Brewster early examples of his work. It was Brewster who suggested Talbot only patent his process in England, initiating the development of early photography in Scotland and eventually allowing for the formation of the first photographic society in the world, the Edinburgh Calotype Club, in 1843.[3] Brewster was a prominent member of the club until its dissolution sometime in the mid-1850s; however, his interest in photography continued, and he was elected the first President of the Photographic Society of Scotland when it was founded in 1856.[34]', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': "A much more valuable and practical result of Brewster's optical researches was the improvement of the British lighthouse system. Although Fresnel, who had also the satisfaction of being the first to put it into operation, perfected the dioptric apparatus independently, Brewster was active earlier in the field than Fresnel, describing the dioptric apparatus in 1812. Brewster pressed its adoption on those in authority at least as early as 1820, two years before Fresnel suggested it, and it was finally introduced into lighthouses mainly through Brewster's persistent efforts.[17]\nOther work[edit]", 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': 'At the age of 12, David Brewster matriculated at the University of Edinburgh with the intention of becoming a clergyman. He received his MA in 1800, was licensed as a minister of the Church of Scotland, and then preached around Edinburgh on several occasions.[16] By then, Brewster had already shown a strong inclination for the natural sciences and had established a close association with James Veitch of Inchbonny. Veitch, who enjoyed a local reputation as a man of science and was particularly skilled in making telescopes, was characterized by Sir Walter Scott as a "self-taught philosopher, astronomer and mathematician".[17]\nBrewster is buried in the grounds of Melrose Abbey, in Roxburghshire.\nCareer[edit]\nWork on optics[edit]', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': 'sent Brewster early examples of his work. It was Brewster who suggested Talbot only patent his process in England, initiating the development of early photography in Scotland and eventually allowing for the formation of the first photographic society in the world, the Edinburgh Calotype Club, in 1843. Brewster was a prominent member of the club until its dissolution sometime in the mid-1850s; however, his interest in photography continued, and he was elected the first President of the Photographic Society of Scotland when it was founded in 1856. Of a high-strung and nervous temperament, Brewster was somewhat irritable in matters of controversy; but he was repeatedly subjected to serious provocation. He was a man of highly honourable and fervently religious character. In estimating his place among scientific discoverers, the chief thing to be borne in mind is that his genius was not characteristically mathematical. His method was empirical, and the laws that he established were', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': 'It proved to be a massive success with two hundred thousand kaleidoscopes sold in London and Paris in just three months. An instrument of more significance, the stereoscope, which – though of much later date (1849) – along with the kaleidoscope did more than anything else to popularise his name, was not as has often been asserted the invention of Brewster. Sir Charles Wheatstone discovered its principle and applied it as early as 1838 to the construction of a cumbersome but effective instrument, in which the binocular pictures were made to combine by means of mirrors. A dogged rival of Wheatstone\'s, Brewster was unwilling to credit him with the invention, however, and proposed that the true author of the stereoscope was a Mr. Elliot, a "Teacher of Mathematics" from Edinburgh, who, according to Brewster, had conceived of the principles as early as 1823 and had constructed a lensless and mirrorless prototype in 1839, through which one could view drawn landscape transparencies, since', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': 'Life: David Brewster was born in the Canongate in Jedburgh, Roxburghshire, to Margaret Key (1753–1790) and James Brewster (c. 1735–1815), the rector of Jedburgh Grammar School and a teacher of high reputation. David was the third of six children, two daughters and four sons: James (1777–1847), minister at Craig, Ferryden; David; George (1784–1855), minister at Scoonie, Fife; and Patrick (1788–1859), minister at the abbey church, Paisley. At the age of 12, David Brewster matriculated at the University of Edinburgh with the intention of becoming a clergyman. He received his MA in 1800, was licensed as a minister of the Church of Scotland, and then preached around Edinburgh on several occasions. By then, Brewster had already shown a strong inclination for the natural sciences and had established a close association with James Veitch of Inchbonny. Veitch, who enjoyed a local reputation as a man of science and was particularly skilled in making telescopes, was characterized by Sir Walter', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': "of Science. Its first meeting was held at York in 1831; and Brewster, along with Babbage and Sir John Herschel, had the chief part in shaping its constitution. In the same year in which the British Association held its first meeting, Brewster received the honour of knighthood and the decoration of the Royal Guelphic Order. In 1838, he was appointed principal of the united colleges of St Salvator and St Leonard, University of St Andrews. In 1849, he acted as president of the British Association and was elected one of the eight foreign associates of the Institute of France in succession to J. J. Berzelius; and ten years later, he accepted the office of principal of the University of Edinburgh, the duties of which he discharged until within a few months of his death. In 1855, the government of France made him an Officier de la Légion d'honneur. He was a close friend of William Henry Fox Talbot, inventor of the calotype process, who sent Brewster early examples of his work. It was", 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': '- The laws of light polarization by reflection and refraction, and other quantitative laws of phenomena;\n- The discovery of the polarising structure induced by heat and pressure;\n- The discovery of crystals with two axes of double refraction, and many of the laws of their phenomena, including the connection between optical structure and crystalline forms;\n- The laws of metallic reflection;\n- Experiments on the absorption of light.\nIn this line of investigation, the prime importance belongs to the discovery of\n- the connection between the refractive index and the polarizing angle;\n- biaxial crystals, and\n- the production of double refraction by irregular heating.', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': "In the same year in which the British Association held its first meeting, Brewster received the honour of knighthood and the decoration of the Royal Guelphic Order. In 1838, he was appointed principal of the united colleges of St Salvator and St Leonard, University of St Andrews. In 1849, he acted as president of the British Association and was elected one of the eight foreign associates of the Institute of France in succession to J. J. Berzelius; and ten years later, he accepted the office of principal of the University of Edinburgh, the duties of which he discharged until within a few months of his death.[31] In 1855, the government of France made him an Officier de la Légion d'honneur.", 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': "Other work[edit]\nAlthough Brewster's own discoveries were important, they were not his only service to science. He began writing in 1799 as a regular contributor to the Edinburgh Magazine,[26] of which he acted as editor 1802–1803 at the age of twenty.[27] In 1807, he undertook the editorship of the newly projected Edinburgh Encyclopædia, of which the first part appeared in 1808, and the last not until 1830. The work was strongest in the scientific department, and many of its most valuable articles were from the pen of the editor. At a later period he was one of the leading contributors to the Encyclopædia Britannica (seventh and eighth editions) writing, among others, the articles on electricity, hydrodynamics, magnetism, microscope, optics, stereoscope, and voltaic electricity. He was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1816.[28]", 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': "In his Treatise he demonstrated that vegetal colors were related with the absorption spectra[35] and he described for the first time the red fluorescence of chlorophyll.\nHistory of Scottish Freemasonry[edit]\nAs well as his many scientific works and biographies of notable scientists, Brewster also wrote The History of Free Masonry, Drawn from Authentic Sources of Information; with an Account of the Grand Lodge of Scotland, from Its Institution in 1736, to the Present Time,[36] published in 1804, when he was only 23. The work was commissioned by Alexander Lawrie, publisher to the Grand Lodge of Scotland, to whom the work has been, frequently, mis-attributed. Given that the book bears Lawrie's name and not Brewster's this is understandable. The book became one of the standard works on early Scottish freemasonry although it has been largely superseded by later works. There is no evidence that Brewster was a Freemason at the time he wrote the book, nor any that he became one later.[37]", 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': 'Opposition to evolution[edit]\nBrewster\'s Christian beliefs stirred him to respond against the idea of the transmutation of species and the theory of evolution. His opinion was that "science and religion must be one since each dealt with Truth, which had only one and the same Author."[38] In 1845 he wrote a highly critical review of the evolutionist work Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, in the North British Review.[39] which he considered to be an insult to Christian revelation and a dangerous example of materialism.\nIn 1862, he responded to Darwin\'s On the Origin of Species and published the article The Facts and Fancies of Mr Darwin in Good Words. He stated that Darwin\'s book combined both "interesting facts and idle fancies" which made up a "dangerous and degrading speculation". He accepted adaptive changes, but he strongly opposed Darwin\'s statement about the primordial form, which he considered an offensive idea to "both the naturalist and the Christian."[40]', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': "Brewster was a devout Presbyterian and marched arm-in-arm with his brother during the events of the Disruption of 1843, which led to the formation of the Free Church of Scotland.[11] As a historian of science, Brewster focused on the life and work of his hero, Isaac Newton. Brewster published a detailed biography of Newton in 1831 and later became the first scientific historian to examine many of the papers in Newton's Nachlass. Brewster also wrote numerous works of popular science,[12] and was one of the founders of the British Science Association,[13][14] of which he was elected President in 1849. He became the public face of higher education in Scotland, serving as Principal of the University of St Andrews (1837–1859) and later of the University of Edinburgh (1859–1868). Brewster also edited the 18-volume Edinburgh Encyclopædia.\nLife[edit]", 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': '- Scottish inventors\n- Scottish philosophers\n- Scottish astronomers\n- Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences\n- Fellows of the Royal Society\n- Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences\n- Presidents of the Royal Society of Edinburgh\n- Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences\n- Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences\n- Knights Bachelor\n- Alumni of the University of Edinburgh\n- Academics of the University of St Andrews\n- Toy inventors\n- British scientific instrument makers\n- Optical physicists\n- Recipients of the Copley Medal\n- People from Jedburgh\n- Royal Medal winners\n- Scottish encyclopedists\n- Scottish antiquarians\n- Members of the French Academy of Sciences\n- Members of the Royal Irish Academy\n- Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)\n- Scottish civil engineers\n- Principals of the University of St Andrews\n- 19th-century Ministers of the Church of Scotland\n- Burials at Melrose Abbey', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': 'In 1819 Brewster undertook further editorial work by establishing, in conjunction with Robert Jameson (1774–1854), the Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, which took the place of the Edinburgh Magazine. The first ten volumes (1819–1824) were published under the joint editorship of Brewster and Jameson, the remaining four volumes (1825–1826) being edited by Jameson alone. After parting company with Jameson, Brewster started the Edinburgh Journal of Science in 1824, 16 volumes of which appeared under his editorship during the years 1824–1832, with very many articles from his own pen.', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': 'Of a high-strung and nervous temperament, Brewster was somewhat irritable in matters of controversy; but he was repeatedly subjected to serious provocation. He was a man of highly honourable and fervently religious character. In estimating his place among scientific discoverers, the chief thing to be borne in mind is that his genius was not characteristically mathematical. His method was empirical, and the laws that he established were generally the result of repeated experiment. To the ultimate explanation of the phenomena with which he dealt he contributed nothing, and it is noteworthy although he did not maintain to the end of his life the corpuscular theory he never explicitly adopted the wave theory of light. Few would dispute the verdict of James David Forbes, an editor of the eighth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica: "His scientific glory is different in kind from that of Young and Fresnel; but the discoverer of the law of polarization of biaxial crystals, of optical', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': "Brewster married a second time in Nice, on 26 (or 27) March 1857, to Jane Kirk Purnell (b. 1827), the second daughter of Thomas Purnell of Scarborough.[46] Lady Brewster famously fainted at the Oxford evolution debate of 30 June 1860. Brewster died in 1868, and was buried at Melrose Abbey, next to his first wife and second son.[3][47] The physics building at Heriot-Watt University is named in his honour.\nRecognition and modern references[edit]\nA bust of Brewster is in the Hall of Heroes of the National Wallace Monument in Stirling.\nBrewster's views on the possibility of evolution of intelligence on other planets, contrasted with the opinion of William Whewell, are cited in the novel Barchester Towers.[48]\nHe appears as a minor antagonist in the 2015 video game Assassin's Creed Syndicate as a scientist working for the game's opposing faction.[49] He is assassinated by one of the protagonists, Evie Frye.[50][51]", 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': 'Sources[edit]\n- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Cousin, John William (1910). A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London: J. M. Dent & Sons – via Wikisource.\n- Gordon, Margaret Maria (1881). The home life of sir David Brewster. D. Douglas. pp. 221–236. Retrieved 18 September 2011. Downloadable archive copy\nFurther reading[edit]\n- Brewster, David (1854). The Creed of the Philosopher and the Hope of the Christian. Murray (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; ISBN 978-1-108-00416-9)\n- Sir David Brewster (1858). The kaleidoscope, its history, theory and construction with its application to the fine and useful arts. J. Murray. Retrieved 18 September 2011. PDF copy\n- "The Home Life of Sir David Brewster" (1869). Written by his daughter Margaret Maria Gordon.\nExternal links[edit]\n- The Brewster Kaleidoscope Society\n- Works by David Brewster at Project Gutenberg\n- Works by or about David Brewster at Internet Archive', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': 'These discoveries were promptly recognised. As early as 1807 the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon Brewster by Marischal College, Aberdeen; in 1815 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, and received the Copley Medal; and in 1816 the French Institute awarded him one-half of the prize of three thousand francs for the two most important discoveries in physical science made in Europe during the two preceding years.[17] In 1821, he was made a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and in 1822 a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[18]', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': '- ^ a b c d e f Chisholm 1911.\n- ^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 June 2006. Retrieved 9 September 2016.\n- ^ Brewster\'s patent kaleidoscope, c 1817. Archived 30 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine ssplprints.com\n- ^ PDF copy of the Brewster Patent GB 4136 Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine\n- ^ Gordon, p. 54\n- ^ Myles W. Jackson (2000). Spectrum of belief: Joseph von Fraunhofer and the craft of precision optics. MIT Press. pp. 119–. ISBN 978-0-262-10084-7. Retrieved 18 September 2011.\n- ^ The Polar star, being a continuation of \'The Extractor\', of entertainment and popular science. 1831. pp. 202–. Retrieved 18 September 2011.\n- ^ The Perfectionist Projectionist Archived 7 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Victorian Microscope Slides. Accessed 1 August 2011', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': 'Brewster\'s position as editor brought him into frequent contact with the most eminent scientific men, and he was naturally among the first to recognise the benefit that would accrue from regular communication among those in the field of science. In a review of Charles Babbage\'s book Decline of Science in England in John Murray\'s Quarterly Review, he suggested the creation of "an association of our nobility, clergy, gentry and philosophers".[33] This was taken up by various Declinarians and found speedy realisation in the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Its first meeting was held at York in 1831; and Brewster, along with Babbage and Sir John Herschel, had the chief part in shaping its constitution.[31]', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': '- Works by David Brewster at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)\n- Brewster\'s (1831) "On a new analysis of solar light, indicating three primary colours, forming coincident spectra of equal length," Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, vol. 12, p. 123–136. – digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library\n- Brewster\'s (1834) "On the colours of natural bodies," Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, vol. 12, p. 538–545. – Linda Hall Library\n- Brewster\'s (1835) A treatise on optics – Linda Hall Library\n- Letters on Natural magic Addressed to Sir Walter Scott From the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the Library of Congress\n- The Grand Lodge of Antient Free and Accepted Masons of Scotland.\n- 1781 births\n- 1868 deaths\n- Principals of the University of Edinburgh\n- 19th-century British physicists\n- 19th-century Scottish writers\n- 19th-century British engineers\n- 19th-century Scottish mathematicians\n- Scottish inventors\n- Scottish philosophers', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': 'Among the non-scientific public, his fame spread more effectually by his invention in about 1815 of the kaleidoscope, for which there was a great demand in both the United Kingdom, France, and the United States.[17] As a reflection of this fame, Brewster portrait was later printed in some cigar boxes. Brewster chose renowned achromatic lens developer Philip Carpenter as the sole manufacturer of the kaleidoscope in 1817. Although Brewster patented the kaleidoscope in 1817 (GB 4136),[19][20] a copy of the prototype was shown to London opticians and copied before the patent was granted. As a consequence, the kaleidoscope became produced in large numbers, but yielded no direct financial benefits to Brewster.[21][22][23] It proved to be a massive success with two hundred thousand kaleidoscopes sold in London and Paris in just three months.[24]', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': 'Sir David Brewster had several years before discovered a remarkable phenomenon in an alcoholic solution of the green coloring matter of leaves, or, as it is called by chemists, chlorophyll\n- ^ Brewster, David (1804). The history of freemasonry, drawn from authentic sources of information; with an account of the Grand lodge of Scotland, from its institution in 1736, to the present time, compiled from the records; and an appendix of original papers. Edinburgh: A. Lawrie and Co.\n- ^ Cooper, Robert (2006). Cracking The Freemason\'s Code. Penguin. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-84604-049-8.\n- ^ Strathan, Alexander (1881). The Day of Rest in The Library Magazine of American and Foreign Thought (Vol 8 ed.). New York: American Book Exchange. p. 426. Retrieved 18 August 2018.\n- ^ John M. Lynch (January 2000). "Vestiges" and the Debate Before Darwin. Vol. 1. A&C Black. p. 471. ISBN 978-1-85506-862-9.. First published in North British Review. vol 3 (August 1845, pp. 470–515)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': 'of polarization of biaxial crystals, of optical mineralogy, and of double refraction by compression, will always occupy a foremost rank in the intellectual history of the age." In addition to the various works of Brewster already mentioned, the following may be added: Notes and Introduction to Carlyle\'s translation of Legendre\'s Elements of Geometry (1824); Treatise on Optics (1831); Letters on Natural Magic, addressed to Sir Walter Scott (1832) The Martyrs of Science, or the Lives of Galileo, Tycho Brahe, and Kepler (1841); More Worlds than One (1854).[31]', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': "He contributed around three hundred papers[3] to the transactions of various learned societies, and few of his contemporaries wrote as much for the various reviews. In the North British Review alone, seventy-five articles of his appeared. A list of his larger separate works will be found below. Special mention, however, must be made of the most important of them all: his biography of Sir Isaac Newton. In 1831 he published the Life of Sir Isaac Newton,[29] a short popular account of the philosopher's life, in Murray's Family Library, followed by an 1832 American edition in Harper's Family Library;[30] but it was not until 1855 that he was able to issue the much fuller Memoirs of the Life, Writings and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton, a work which embodied the results of more than 20 years' investigation of original manuscripts and other available sources.[31][32]", 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': "Career[edit]\nWork on optics[edit]\nThough Brewster duly finished his theological studies and was licensed to preach, his other interests distracted him from the duties of his profession. In 1799 fellow-student Henry Brougham persuaded him to study the diffraction of light. The results of his investigations were communicated from time to time in papers to the Philosophical Transactions of London and other scientific journals. The fact that other scientists – notably Étienne-Louis Malus and Augustin Fresnel – were pursuing the same investigations contemporaneously in France does not invalidate Brewster's claim to independent discovery, even though in one or two cases the priority must be assigned to others.[17] A lesser-known classmate of his, Thomas Dick, also went on to become a popular astronomical writer.\nThe most important subjects of his inquiries can be enumerated under the following five headings:", 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': '- ^ In the words of the Round Table Journal (1868): "Sir David Brewster...did more, probably, than has been done by any other one man for the popularization of science." H. E. and C. H. Sweeter, p. 124\n- ^ "The BAAS: Origins and Beginnings". Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2014.\n{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). baas.research.glam.ac.uk\n- ^ Science, Optics & You, Pioneers in Optics: "Sir David Brewster", Florida State University\n- ^ Gordon, Margaret Maria (1881). The home life of Sir David Brewster (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: D. Douglas. Retrieved 18 August 2018.\n- ^ Wylie, James Aitken (1881). Disruption worthies : a memorial of 1843, with an historical sketch of the free church of Scotland from 1843 down to the present time. Edinburgh: T. C. Jack. pp. 59–64. Retrieved 18 August 2018.\n- ^ a b c d e f Chisholm 1911.', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': '- ^ International Stereoscopic Union (2006) "Stereoscopy", Numbers 65–72, p. 18. "In 1849 Scottish scientist Sir David Brewster invents the lenticular stereoscope, the first practical, portable, 3D viewing device. This stereoscope used refractive lenses and began the protocol of having the stereo pairs mounted side by side."\n- ^ Sir David Brewster. historiccamera.com\n- ^ Thomas L. Hankins, Robert J. Silverman (1995) Instruments and the Imagination. Prinston University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-60645-3. p. 157\n- ^ Walter G. Egan, Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers (1992), "Polarization and remote sensing: 22–23 July 1992", p. 225\n- ^ "Sir David Brewster – Brewster Kaleidoscope Society". Brewster Kaleidoscope Society.\n- ^ Wylie, James Aitken (1881). Disruption worthies : a memorial of 1843, with an historical sketch of the free church of Scotland from 1843 down to the present time. Edinburgh: T. C. Jack. pp. 59–64. Retrieved 18 August 2018.', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': 'A street within the Kings Buildings complex (science buildings linked to Edinburgh University) was named in his memory in 2015.\nSee also[edit]\nReferences[edit]\n- ^ Mary Bellis, The History of the Kaleidoscope[permanent dead link]\n- ^ Thomas J. Bress (2009), "The Influence of Processing and Fluid Parameters on Injection Molding Flow". University of Michigan. ISBN 1-109-11089-8. p. 14.\n- ^ a b c d e A. D. Morrison-Low (2004) "Brewster, Sir David (1781–1868)" in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/3371\n- ^ William Whewell (1859) History of the Inductive Sciences. D. Appleton. p. 133\n- ^ John Werge (1890). The Evolution of Photography. Piper and Carter', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': 'was the suggestion to use prisms for uniting the dissimilar pictures; and accordingly the lenticular stereoscope may fairly be said to be his invention.', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': 'Life[edit]\nDavid Brewster was born in the Canongate in Jedburgh, Roxburghshire, to Margaret Key (1753–1790) and James Brewster (c. 1735–1815), the rector of Jedburgh Grammar School and a teacher of high reputation.[15] David was the third of six children, two daughters and four sons: James (1777–1847), minister at Craig, Ferryden; David; George (1784–1855), minister at Scoonie, Fife; and Patrick (1788–1859), minister at the abbey church, Paisley.[3]', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': '- ^ a b c d public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Brewster, Sir David". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 513–514. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the\n- ^ "Discovery of gravitation, A.D. 1666" by Sir David Brewster, in The Great Events by Famous Historians, Rossiter Johnson, LL.D. Editor-in-Chief, Volume XII, pp. 51–65, The National Alumni, 1905.\n- ^ Reflexions on the Decline of Science in England, and on some of its Causes, Quarterly Review, Vol. 43, Nr. 86 (October 1830)\n- ^ J. T. Taylor; et al. (eds.). The British Journal of Photography. Vol. XXI. London: Henry Greenwood. p. 385. Retrieved 2 November 2013.\n- ^ Charles Robert Cross (1848–1921, ed); William Ripley Nichols; John Trowbridge (1843–1923, ed); Samuel Kneeland; George Bliss; David Ames Wells (1854). Year-book of Facts in Science and Art.', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': '- Burials at Melrose Abbey\n- Members of the American Antiquarian Society\n- Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': '- ^ Zone, Ray (2007). Stereoscopic Cinema and the Origins of 3-D Film, 1838–1952. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. pp. 9–10. ISBN 978-0-8131-2461-2.\nmr. elliot stereoscope brewster.\n- ^ afterwards GORDON BREWSTER (Margaret Maria) (1870). The Home Life of Sir David Brewster. By his daughter. With a portrait. Edmonston & Douglas. pp. 46–.\n- ^ Bayard Quincy Morgan; Alexander Rudolf Hohlfeld (1959). German Literature in British Magazines, 1750–1860. University of Wisconsin Press.\nEdinburgh Magazine and Literary Miscellany ... 1785 . ... Merged with Scots Magazine in 1804. Ed . by James Sibbald till 1792 ; by Robert Anderson till 1802 ; by Sir David Brewster till 1803.\n- ^ "American Antiquarian Society Members Directory".\n- ^ Sir David Brewster, Memoirs of the Life, Writings, and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton, Vol. 1, Preface\n- ^ The Life of Sir Isaac Newton (1832) Harper\'s Family Library, New York, No. 26.', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': "David Brewster\nDavid Brewster\n|Principal of the University of Edinburgh|\n|In office|\n1859–1868\n|Preceded by||John Lee|\n|Succeeded by||Sir Alexander Grant|\n|1st Principal of the University of St Andrews|\n|In office|\n1837–1859\n|Succeeded by||Reverend John Tulloch|\n|Personal details|\n|Born||11 December 1781|\nCanongate, Jedburgh, Roxburghshire, Kingdom of Great Britain\n|Died||10 February 1868 (aged 86)|\nAllerly House, Gattonside, Roxburghshire, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland\n|Alma mater||University of Edinburgh|\n|Known for||Physical optics, Brewster's angle, photoelasticity, stereoscope, kaleidoscope[1]|\n|Spouses|\nJuliet Macpherson\nJane Kirk Purnell\n|Children||5|\n|Awards||Copley Medal (1815)|\nKeith Prize (1827–29, 1829–31)\nRoyal Medal (1830)\n|Scientific career|\n|Fields||Physics, mathematics, astronomy|\n|Influences||Isaac Newton, Étienne-Louis Malus|\n|Influenced||James David Forbes|\n|Notes|\nFounding Director of the Scottish Society of Arts (1821)", 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': 'Family[edit]\nBrewster married twice. His first wife, Juliet Macpherson (c. 1776–1850), was a daughter of James Macpherson (1736–1796), a probable translator of Ossian poems. They married on 31 July 1810 in Edinburgh and had four sons and a daughter:[41]\n- James (1812–)\n- Charles Macpherson (1813–1828), drowned.[42]\n- David Edward Brewster (17 August 1815 –) became a military officer (Lieutenant Colonel) serving in India.[42][43]\n- Henry Craigie (1816–1905) became a military officer and photographer.[42][44]\n- Margaret Maria Gordon (1823–1907) wrote a book on Brewster,[45] which is considered the most comprehensive description of his life.', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': '- ^ Good Words (1862), Vol. 3; by Norman Macleod D. D. J.; Donald Macleod & Hartley Aspden. Alexander Strahan and Company. pp. 3–8\n- ^ Gordon, p. 45\n- ^ a b c Gordon, p. 244\n- ^ "Lieut.-Col. David Edward Brewster Macpherson of Balavil (I14167)". Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2011.\n- ^ "Biography of Henry Craigie Brewster from Metropolitan Museum of Art".\n- ^ Gordon\n- ^ Gordon, p. 151\n- ^ Gordon, p. xiv\n- ^ Bowen, John, ed. (2014). "Explanatory notes". Barchester Towers. Oxford University Press. p. 452. ISBN 978-0-19-966586-0.\n- ^ "Assassin\'s Creed Syndicate: Locate David Brewster - A Simple Plan". ORCZ. 26 October 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2018.\n- ^ "A Simple Plan". IGN. 29 December 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2018.\n- ^ "Assassin\'s Creed Syndicate: Air Assassinate Brewster – A Simple Plan". ORCZ. 26 October 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2018.\nSources[edit]', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': 'and other quantitative laws of phenomena; #The discovery of the polarising structure induced by heat and pressure; #The discovery of crystals with two axes of double refraction, and many of the laws of their phenomena, including the connection between optical structure and crystalline forms; #The laws of metallic reflection; #Experiments on the absorption of light. In this line of investigation, the prime importance belongs to the discovery of #the connection between the refractive index and the polarizing angle; #biaxial crystals, and #the production of double refraction by irregular heating. These discoveries were promptly recognised. As early as 1807 the degree of LL.D. was conferred upon Brewster by Marischal College, Aberdeen; in 1815 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London, and received the Copley Medal; and in 1816 the French Institute awarded him one-half of the prize of three thousand francs for the two most important discoveries in physical science made in', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': 'empirical, and the laws that he established were generally the result of repeated experiment. To the ultimate explanation of the phenomena with which he dealt he contributed nothing, and it is noteworthy although he did not maintain to the end of his life the corpuscular theory he never explicitly adopted the wave theory of light. Few would dispute the verdict of James David Forbes, an editor of the eighth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica: "His scientific glory is different in kind from that of Young and Fresnel; but the discoverer of the law of polarization of biaxial crystals, of optical mineralogy, and of double refraction by compression, will always occupy a foremost rank in the intellectual history of the age." In addition to the various works of Brewster already mentioned, the following may be added: Notes and Introduction to Carlyle\'s translation of Legendre\'s Elements of Geometry (1824); Treatise on Optics (1831); Letters on Natural Magic, addressed to Sir Walter Scott', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': "(1774–1854), the Edinburgh Philosophical Journal, which took the place of the Edinburgh Magazine. The first ten volumes (1819–1824) were published under the joint editorship of Brewster and Jameson, the remaining four volumes (1825–1826) being edited by Jameson alone. After parting company with Jameson, Brewster started the Edinburgh Journal of Science in 1824, 16 volumes of which appeared under his editorship during the years 1824–1832, with very many articles from his own pen. He contributed around three hundred papers to the transactions of various learned societies, and few of his contemporaries wrote as much for the various reviews. In the North British Review alone, seventy-five articles of his appeared. A list of his larger separate works will be found below. Special mention, however, must be made of the most important of them all: his biography of Sir Isaac Newton. In 1831 he published the Life of Sir Isaac Newton, a short popular account of the philosopher's life, in Murray's", 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'},
    {'ai_snippets': "and marched arm-in-arm with his brother during the events of the Disruption of 1843, which led to the formation of the Free Church of Scotland. As a historian of science, Brewster focused on the life and work of his hero, Isaac Newton. Brewster published a detailed biography of Newton in 1831 and later became the first scientific historian to examine many of the papers in Newton's Nachlass. Brewster also wrote numerous works of popular science, and was one of the founders of the British Science Association, of which he was elected President in 1849. He became the public face of higher education in Scotland, serving as Principal of the University of St Andrews (1837–1859) and later of the University of Edinburgh (1859–1868). Brewster also edited the 18-volume Edinburgh Encyclopædia.", 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brewster'}
  ]
}